Summarrize of Active and Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya
melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat
dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih
sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice.
Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar,
artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice
digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih
penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
§
Active : We fertilize the soil every
6 months
§
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every
6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
- Object
dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
- Subject
dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula
bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun
‘us’.
- Verb1
(fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive
voice.
- Ditambahkannya
be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject
passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive
voice di bawah).
- Ditambahkannya
kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice
dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak
dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
- Khusus
untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future,
past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’
di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah,
bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h
– o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti
pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atauare.
Contoh:
§
Active : He meets them everyday.
§
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
§
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
§
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’
passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
§
Active : He met them yesterday
§
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
§
Active : She watered this plant this morning
§
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah
auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has
been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
§
Active : He has met them
§
Passive : They have been met by him
§
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
§
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5
minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah
auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
§
Active : He had met them before I came.
§
Passive : They had been met by him before
I came.
§
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes
when I got here
§
Passive : This plant had been watered by
her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
§
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
§
Passive : They will be met by him
tomorrow.
§
Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
§
Passive : This plant will be watered by
her this afternoon.
§
Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops
next week
§
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested
by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah
auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
§
Active : He will have met them before I get there
tomorrow.
§
Passive : They will have been met by him
before I get there tomorrow.
§
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get
here this afternoon.
§
Passive : This plant will have been watered
by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan setelah
auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
§
Active : He would have met them.
§
Passive : They would have been met by
him.
§
Active : She would have watered this plant.
§
Passive : This plant would have been watered
by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, amatau are) + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He is meeting them now.
§
Passive : They are being met by him now.
§
Active : She is watering this plant now.
§
Passive : This plant is being watered by
her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka
‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atauwere) + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He was meeting them.
§
Passive : They were being met by him.
§
Active : She was watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant was being watered by
her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He has been meeting them.
§
Passive : They have been being met by
him.
§
Active : She has been watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant has been being watered
by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He had been meeting them.
§
Passive : They had been being met by him.
§
Active : She had been watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant had been being watered
by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He will be meeting them.
§
Passive : They will be being met by him.
§
Active : She will be watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant will be being watered
by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwould be + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He would be meeting them.
§
Passive : They would be being met by him.
§
Active : She would be watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant would be being watered
by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense,
maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwill have been + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He will have been meeting them.
§
Passive : They will have been being met
by him.
§
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant will have been being watered
by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
§
Active : He would be meeting them.
§
Passive : They would be being met by him.
§
Active : She would be watering this plant.
§
Passive : This plant would be being watered
by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
- Koko’s
nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung
Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
- The
Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team
sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
- These
plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini
disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
- There
is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang
tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
- English
is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh
semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
(Kalimat Pengandaian)
Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang mengandaikan suatu
keinginan, harapan, rencana dan lain-lain yang :
· Masih bisa terjadi (possible)
· Tak terpenuhi / angan-angan (unreal /probable) dan
· Tidak terwujud (imposible)
Bentuk :
Ada tiga conditional sentence yaitu :
· Tipe I : Future conditional yang
menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan, ataupun rencana yang masih BISA TERJADI /
when we are thinking about possibilities.
Rumus
IF + S + V1, S + will +V1
Example :
If I pass the
exam I will continue to university
Faktanya :
Maybe I pass the exam, if I
study hard.
Saya mungkin sekali lulus
ujian kalau saya belajar keras.
· Type II : Present conditional,
yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan ataupun rencana yang tak terpenuhi /
angan-angan ( unreal) or when we imagine a situation.
Rumus
IF + S + V2, S + would + V1
Example :
If I passed the
exam, I would continue to university
Faktanya:
I do not pass the exam now.
Saya tidak lulus ujian
sekarang jadi saya tidak melanjutkan ke universitas.
Note:
In type II “were “ is
used for all subjects
Example :
If I were you, I would
continue to university ( but I am not you).
Type II berlawanan dengan
fakta sekarang.
· Type III : Past conditional yang
menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan atau rencana yang tidak terwujud (
imposible) or when we imagine a situation based on the facts in the past.
Rumus
IF + S + had + V3, S +
would have + V3
Example:
If I had passed the exam, I
would have continued to university
Fakta:
I did not pass the exam
then.
(saya tidak lulus saat itu,
jadi saya tidak melanjutkan ke universitas)
Note:
Untuk tipe III sering
berbentuk inversion (pembalikan posisi).
Subjek 2 kata kerjanya
serta tidak menggunakan IF.
Contoh:
Had I passed the exam, I
would have continued to university.
PATTERN:
Type I
IF + S + V1, S + will + V1
Type II
IF + S + V2, S + would + V1
Type III
IF + S + had + V3, S +
would have + V3
Direct
dan Indirect Speech
Penjelasan Direct dan
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) - Direct dan
Indirect Speech merupakan materi grammar bahasa Inggris yang banyak diajarkan
di jenjang SMP dan SMA. Direct dan Indirect Speech atau yang biasa disebut
reporter speech ini menjadi langganan bentuk soal yang sering keluar di UN baik
untuk SMP dan SMA.
Atas dasar begitu
pentingnya materi Direct dan Indirect Speech ini, maka pada kesempatan kali ini
penulis memberikan penjelasan mengenai Direct dan Inderct tersebut dengan
lengkap kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat.
Direct dan Indirect
Speech
Ketika kita merubah
kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang
mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun
(kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
- He said, "I
have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why
do you come late."
Sedangkan Reported Speech
adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
- He said, "I
have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me,
"why do you come late."
Untuk itu, pada artikel
ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect
speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur
kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada
kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda
petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk
membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct
speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut
pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau
"to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
|
He said that he have a present for me in his
bag.
|
02
|
He asked me, "why do you come late."
|
He asked me why I come late.
|
03
|
He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."
|
He ordered me to don't bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur
kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka
akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct
speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan
dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
They asked me, "Do you want to join us to
play football?"
|
They asked me if/whether I want to join them
to play football.
|
02
|
He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"
|
He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat direct
speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka
akan dirubaha menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
He asked me, "why do you come
late?"
|
He asked me why you come late.
|
02
|
He asked me, "what does she eat?"
|
He asked me what she eats.
|
03
|
He asked me, "when did you come?"
|
He asked me when I came.
|
04
|
He asked me, "who are you?"
|
He asked me who I am.
|
05
|
He asked me, "who is she?"
|
He asked me who she is.
|
2. Perubahan Tensis
(Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan
dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang
digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu,
penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel
Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
02
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
03
|
Present Future
|
Past Future
|
04
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
05
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
06
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
07
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih
dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
V1 (eat)
|
V2 (ate)
|
02
|
V2 (ate)
|
Had + V3 (had eaten)
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
05
|
Do/does not
|
Did not
|
06
|
Did not
|
Had not + V3
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
08
|
Am/is/are + V-ing
|
Was/were + V-ing
|
09
|
Was/were +V-ing
|
Had been + V-ing
|
10
|
Has/have + V3
|
Had + V3
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had to
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been
|
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan
possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat
langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech
(kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang
pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat
penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said,
‘I am busy.’
|
He said
that he was busy.
|
02
|
She said,
‘I am unwell.’
|
She said
that she was unwell.
|
03
|
I said,
‘I will be late.’
|
I said
that I would be late.
|
04
|
They said,
‘We will not permit this.’
|
They said
that they would not permit that.
|
05
|
We said,
‘We need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said
that we needed to buy some clothes.
|
- Kata ganti orang
kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai
objek pada reported speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He
told me that I had to go with him.
|
02
|
She
said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told me that I could go.
|
03
|
She
said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told him that he could go.
|
- Kata ganti orang
ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect
speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He
said that she was a good girl.
|
02
|
She
said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She
said that they had invited them.
|
03
|
They
said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They
said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4. Perubahan Keterangan
waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
02
|
To
day
|
That
day
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
The day after The following day A day later |
04
|
Next
...
|
The
... after
The following ... |
05
|
Last
...
|
The
... before
The Previous ... |
06
|
...
ago
|
...
before
... earlier |
07
|
Yesterday
|
The
day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
08
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
day before
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
(+)
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
(-)
|
He
said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”
|
He
said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
|
(?)
|
He
asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”
|
He
asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
|
(?)
|
He
asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?
|
He
asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
(!)
|
He
ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”
|
He
ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
|
(!)
|
He
ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He
ordered me not to bring my bag there.
|
TAG
QUESTIONS (Pertanyaan dengan akhiran tanya)
Dalam percakapan, kita
sering mengucapkan atau mendengarkan ungkapan seperti ini:
1.
Kamu sudah makan, kan?
2.
Dia cantik, bukan?
3.
Kamu tidak marah,
kan?
Dalam bahasa Inggris,
ungkapan di atas dinamakan tag questions. Tag question adalah kalimat
pernyataan yang diakhiri dengan pertanyaan. Kalimat tersebut digunakan agar si
pendengar memberikan penegasannya. Tag questions juga digunakan untukmenanyakan
sebuah pertanyaan atau meminta konfirmasi tentang sesuatu yang sudah kita
ketahui.Misalnya, saya punya anak laki-laki yang ganteng. Tapi teman saya tuh
nggak percaya. Nah, begitu teman saya ketemu dengan anak saya, saya bilang pada
teman saya: Anak saya ganteng, kan? Contoh
lain, misalnya saya berbicara dengan kawan saya yang mengajak seorang yang
berwajah Indonesia banget tapi fasih berbahasa Inggris. Nah, untuk menegaskan,
saya bertanya kepada kawan saya tersebut: Dia bukan orang Amerika, kan? Contoh
dalam bahasa Inggrisnya adalah:
1. He
is handsome, isn’t he?
He
is handsome adalah kalimat pernyataan positive, sedangkan isn’t he adalah negative tag-nya..
2. He
isn’t an American, is he?
He
isn’t an American adalah kalimat pernyataan negative, sedangkanis he adalah positive tag-nya.
Jadi, dalam membuat tag
questions, ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan :
a) Kalau kalimat
pernyataan positif, maka tag-nya adalah negative/ negative tag:
He
is sleeping, isn’t he? Ia sedang tidur,bukan?
b) Kalau kalimat
pernyataan negatif, maka tag –nya
positif/ positive tag:
She
didn’t want me, did she? Ia tidak menginginkanku, bukan?
c) Tense dari tag harus
sama dengan tense dalam kalimat utama:
She works hard, doesn’t
she? Dia bekerja keras, bukan?
Lihatlah bahwa kedua kata
kerja adalah dalam present tense.
He slept well, didn’t
he? Ia tidur, bukan?
Kedua kata kerja di atas
dalam bentuk past tense.
d. To be, to have, dan modal auxiliaries (kata bantu pengandaian:
shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, ought, need) diulang dalam
tag. Contohnya:
1. To be
She
is learning English, isn’t she? Ia sedang belajar bahasa
Inggris, bukan?
2.To have
She
has sent it, hasn’t she? Dia telah mengirimnva, bukan?
3. modal auxalaries
You
can write by yourself, can’t you? Kamu bisa menulis sendiri, bukan?
You
must be here, mustn’t you?Kamu harus ada di sini, bukan?
Perhatikan contoh di
bawah ini!
1.
I’m not stupid, am
I? Saya tidak bodoh, bukan?
2.
I am stupid, aren’t I? Saya
bodoh, bukan?
Dari contoh nomor 1
dan 2, kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa,
Jika kita katakan: I am not stupid, positive tag-nya
adalah am I. Jika kita katakan I am stupid, negative tag ialah aren’t I.
Supaya lebih mahir,
perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:
1.
He can sing
beautifully, can’t he?
2.
He can’t sing
beautifully, can he?
3.
She is a doctor, isn’t she?
4.
She isn’t a doctor, is she?
5.
You live in
Lampung, don’t you?
6.
You don’t live in
Lampung, do you?
7.
They went to Bali, didn’t they?
8.
They didn’t go to
Bali, did they?
9.
You have read the
book, haven’t you?
10.
You haven’t read the
book, have you?
Gerunds and Infinitives
1. GERUND
Adalah kata kerja (verb) yang difungsikan sebagai kata benda (noun). Gerund dibentuk dengan memberi imbuhan -ing pada Verb.
Contoh:
i love playing football.
Fungsi
Gerund dapat difungsikan pada beberapa posisi;
1. Subject pada kalimat
kalimat, maka gerund akan seperti ini;
contoh:
Jika di posisikan sebagai subject dalam
- Playing football is fun.
- Gardening is one of my hobbies.
- smoking cigarrettes can be bad for your health.
(pada kata kerja tertentu, Gerund juga harus diikutkan bersama kata benda sebagai penjelas.)
2. Object pada kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai object dalam kalimat, menjadi seperti ini;
contoh :
- I enjoy cooking on Mondays.
- I admitted cheating on that game.
3. Complement (Pelengkap) dalam kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai complement seperti ini;
contoh :
- My favorite hobby is swimming
- His main hope is seeing his daughter.
4. Gerund setelah Preposition (kata depan)
Disini, Gerund yang diikutkan setelah Preposition (kata depan/perangkai) akan difungsikan sebagai object berpreposisi.
Contoh :
- I apologized for coming late.
- It keeps on raining all day.
2. INFINITIVES
Adalah kata kerja yang diikuti kata To sehingga menjadi To + Verb,
contoh :
I want to learn a new language.
Mengapa disebut Infinitives?
Infinitives di sebut juga sebagai Verb Base (dasar), kuncinya adalah preposisi 'To' (maka disebut To Infinitive). Mengapa demikian? Karena kata Tomenghalangi perubahan Tenses pada kata kerja yang diikutinya sehingga tetap menjadi verb 1. Sementara untuk Gerund, kata kerja yang diikutinya tidak akan mengalami perubahan tenses karena terdapat penambahan imbuhan -ing. Perubahan tenses terjadi pada verb yang dipakai di depan.
Contoh :
- I agree to go to the Mall with him.
- I agreed to go to the Mall with him.
(Pada dua contoh kalimat di atas, kalimat pertama menggunakan Simple Present Tense sedangkan kalimat kedua menggunakan Simple Past Tense. Perubahan tidak terjadi pada kata 'To Go' karena merupakan Infinitives, namun pada kata 'Agree' )
Adalah kata kerja (verb) yang difungsikan sebagai kata benda (noun). Gerund dibentuk dengan memberi imbuhan -ing pada Verb.
Contoh:
i love playing football.
Fungsi
Gerund dapat difungsikan pada beberapa posisi;
1. Subject pada kalimat
kalimat, maka gerund akan seperti ini;
contoh:
Jika di posisikan sebagai subject dalam
- Playing football is fun.
- Gardening is one of my hobbies.
- smoking cigarrettes can be bad for your health.
(pada kata kerja tertentu, Gerund juga harus diikutkan bersama kata benda sebagai penjelas.)
2. Object pada kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai object dalam kalimat, menjadi seperti ini;
contoh :
- I enjoy cooking on Mondays.
- I admitted cheating on that game.
3. Complement (Pelengkap) dalam kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai complement seperti ini;
contoh :
- My favorite hobby is swimming
- His main hope is seeing his daughter.
4. Gerund setelah Preposition (kata depan)
Disini, Gerund yang diikutkan setelah Preposition (kata depan/perangkai) akan difungsikan sebagai object berpreposisi.
Contoh :
- I apologized for coming late.
- It keeps on raining all day.
2. INFINITIVES
Adalah kata kerja yang diikuti kata To sehingga menjadi To + Verb,
contoh :
I want to learn a new language.
Mengapa disebut Infinitives?
Infinitives di sebut juga sebagai Verb Base (dasar), kuncinya adalah preposisi 'To' (maka disebut To Infinitive). Mengapa demikian? Karena kata Tomenghalangi perubahan Tenses pada kata kerja yang diikutinya sehingga tetap menjadi verb 1. Sementara untuk Gerund, kata kerja yang diikutinya tidak akan mengalami perubahan tenses karena terdapat penambahan imbuhan -ing. Perubahan tenses terjadi pada verb yang dipakai di depan.
Contoh :
- I agree to go to the Mall with him.
- I agreed to go to the Mall with him.
(Pada dua contoh kalimat di atas, kalimat pertama menggunakan Simple Present Tense sedangkan kalimat kedua menggunakan Simple Past Tense. Perubahan tidak terjadi pada kata 'To Go' karena merupakan Infinitives, namun pada kata 'Agree' )
*MODALS AUXILIARY*
Auxiliaries jenis ini
mengandung makna khhusus yang digunakan melalui ungkapan tertentu, sperti,
ability, permission, possibility, dll. Berbeda dengan jenis di atas, modal
tidak pernah bisa berdiri sendiri dan berfungsi menjadi ordinary verb.
A. Ability
: can, could,be able to
a. He can/is able to
climb that tree
b. She can/is able to
speak arabic
c. I can see
you tonight
· Can/ could dalam hal
hal tertentu berbeda maksudnya dari be able to jadi tidak selalu dapat
dipertukarkan;
· Could adalah past abliity
dari can.
B. Permission:
may, might, can, could
a. You can use
my pencil.
b. May I go home now?
c. The teacher said that
we might collect the homework tomorrow.
d. He told us that we couldn’t meet
him on Sunday.
C. Advisability:
should, ought to, had better
We should/ought to /had
better study harder.
Should have dan ought to
have digunakan untuk past time
- He should have / ought to
have washed the car this morning. (He did not wash the car this morning )
Had better tidak memiliki
past form.
D. Possibility: May, Can
1. Present/future
It can/may/might rain
tomorrow.
2. Past
a. I can’t find my purse. I
could have might have left it at the office.
b. He was not at home when I
called him. He could have/ might have been at the library.
- In this lesson we
will work with this form: subject + modal + verb.
- Different things can
happen during the winter. There are different possibilities. We
can use the following
modal auxiliaries to talk about these possibilities.
can
|
could
|
will
|
might
|
may
|
be
going to
|
Practice using these
modal auxiliaries with the following possibilities. Think of a verb to go
with a modal auxiliary.
cold
|
slippery
|
get
sick
|
catch
a cold
|
dangerous
roads
|
snowstorm
|
difficult
to see
|
icy
sidewalks
|
Icy roads
|
cold
hands
|
parking
space
|
covered
with snow
|
Freezing
rain
|
Icy
windshield
|
accident
|
Be
late
|
- examples: It can get
very cold in the winter.
The sidewalks might be slippery, so be careful.
- note: Do not use “to”
after a modal auxiliary.
E. Necessity:
must, have to, have got to
a. I have a class at eleven.
I have got to / have to/ must go now.
b. Had to dipakai untuk
mengungkapan past necessity
c. I had to leave
the office early yesterday
F. Lack
of necessity and prohibition : don’t have to, musn’t
a. Lack of necessity
A wife doesn’t have
to earn money.
It’s a sunny day. I
dont have to bring my umbrella
You’ve got a lot of
time. You don’t have to hurry.
b. Prohibition
Moslems musn’t eat
pork.
Moslems musn’t drink
liquor.
Moslems musn’t gossip
G. Inference:
must, must have
A. Present
a. You have
been workng all day. You must be tired.
b. Those peope must be waiting
for the bus.
B. Past
a. I cant find my spetacles
anywhere. I must have lost it.
b. Somebody knocked at the
door but i didn’t hear him. I must have been asleep
H. Preference:
would rather
A. Present
a. The children would
rather walk to school thatn take a bus.
B. Past
a. The children would
rather have walk to scholl than take a bus this morning.
Must
|
Have to
|
||
Express obligation from speakers viewpoint
|
Express external obligation
|
||
He must stay at night.
|
I press him to do so.
|
He has to stay the night.
|
He can’t get back tonight.
|
You must call me ‘sir’.
|
I like it that way.
|
You have to call me “sir”.
|
This is the regulation address.
|
They must take it away.
|
I won’t have it any longer.
|
They have to take it away.
|
They’ve been told to do so.
|